Human – Tiger conflict: Cause, Consequence and Mitigation

Among the many conflict-mitigation tactics available to managers – ranging from lethal control to strict preservation. 

Tigers readily kill domestic ungulates. Most such predation takes place inside government-owned forests or common pasturelands, where large numbers of livestock graze. Usually livestock kills are not fully consumed by tigers, because herders intervene. In most multiple-use forests, densities of wild prey are low because of hunting and competition with livestock. In such situations tigers may take as much as 12 % of the livestock herds annually.


Sumarry : 

In most places, tigers are wary of human beings and avoid encounters. Accidental mauling or killing of humans by tigers is rare, and usually occurs when angry mobs surround tigers that enter human settlements to take livestock. Very rarely, tigers may maul or kill humans they unexpectedly encounter, and the tiger may sometimes eat a part of the corpse. 


source : http://www.conservationindia.org/articles/human-tiger-conflict-cause-consequence-and-mitigatio

Human-wildlife conflicts impose considerable costs to people and wildlife worldwide. Most research focuses on proximate causes, offering limited generalizable understanding of ultimate drivers. We tested three competing hypotheses (problem individuals, regional population saturation, limited food supply) that relate to underlying processes of human-grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) conflict, using data from British Columbia, Canada, between 1960–2014. We found most support for the limited food supply hypothesis: in bear populations that feed on spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). 

 Our finding that a marine resource affects terrestrial conflict suggests that evidence-based policy for reducing harm to wildlife and humans requires not only insight into ultimate drivers of conflict, but also management that spans ecosystem and jurisdictional boundaries.

reflection : Human-wildlife conflicts impose considerable costs to people and wildlife worldwide. 




source : http://www.nature.com/articles/srep25936

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.^[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source ornonpoint source pollution.

"Waste-water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the curbs and emitted a truly fearsome smell. There were no public toilets in the streets or squares. Visitors, especially women, often became desperate when nature called. In the public buildings the sanitary facilities were unbelievably primitive....As a metropolis, Berlin did not emerge from a state of barbarism into civilization until after 1870."^[7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution

Reflection :
Plant some trees, do not smoke ,


summary :

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.^[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed as point source ornonpoint source pollution.

Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease

Environmental pollution can be simply, if somewhat generally, defined as the presence in the environment of an agent which is potentially damaging to either the environment or human health. As such, pollutants take many forms. 

They include not only chemicals, but also organisms and biological materials, as well as energy in its various forms (e.g. noise, radiation, heat). The number of potential pollutants is therefore essentially countless. There are, for example, some 30,000 chemicals in common use today, any one of which may be released into the environment during processing or use. 


reflection :

Save the forms and plastic bags. 
Save the earth. 

http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full

Environmental Pollution and Its Effects

One of the greatest problems that the world is facing today is that of environmental pollution, increasing with every passing year and causing grave and irreparable damage to the earth. Environmental pollution consists of five basic types of pollution, namely, air, water, soil, noise and light.

Air pollution is by far the most harmful form of pollution in our environment. Air pollution is cause by the injurious smoke emitted by cars, buses, trucks, trains, and factories, namely sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Even smoke from burning leaves and cigarettes are harmful to the environment causing a lot of damage to man and the atmosphere. Evidence of increasing air pollution is seen in lung cancer, asthma, allergies, and various breathing problems along with severe and irreparable damage to flora and fauna. Even the most natural phenomenon of migratory birds has been hampered, with severe air pollution preventing them from reaching their seasonal metropolitan destinations of centuries.

Reflection 

Save  the air and do not make many pollution, and decreasing for smoking. 

http://www.uccee.org/Environmental_Pollution.html

Where do snow leopards live? And nine other snow leopard fact

Snow leopards have evolved to live in some of the harshest conditions on Earth. They scale the great, steep slopes of mountains in Central Asia with ease, blending into the landscape. But these majestic, endangered cats face many threats including habitat loss from climate change, reduced prey, poaching, and retaliatory killings. 

What do snow leopards look like?
Snow leopards have thick grey and yellow-tinged fur, with solid spots on their head, neck and lower limbs and rosettes over the rest of the body. Rosettes are large rings enclosing smaller spots. WWF relies on spot patterns to identify individual snow leopards when conducting camera trap research. Snow leopards also have very long, thick tails that they use for balancing on rocks and wrapping around themselves like a scarf as protection from the cold. Their short forelimbs and long hind limbs make them very agile, and they can jump as much as 50 feet in length. They also have large, furry paws that act as both snow shoes and padding on sharp rocks.

 Sumarry : Snow leopard has evolved to live in harshest conditions on earth. 

blending into the landscape. 

Source : http://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/where-do-snow-leopards-live-and-nine-other-snow-l

enviromental pollution

Environmental pollution is “the contamination of the physical and biological components of the earth/atmosphere system to such an extent that normalenvironmental processes are adversely affected”.

“Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or that damage the environment” which can come “in the form of chemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat or light”. “Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energie

Pollution is “the addition of any substance or form of energy (e.g., heat, sound, radioactivity) to the environment at a rate faster than the environment can accommodate it by dispersion, breakdown, recycling, or storage in some harmless form”. 

http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/Environmental-Pollution.html

reflection : 

Save the earth and plant some the tress. 

Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease

The source–effect chain

The link between pollution and health is both a complex and contingent process. For pollutants to have an effect on health, susceptible individuals must receive doses of the pollutant, or its decomposition products, sufficient to trigger detectable symptoms. For this to occur, these individuals must have been exposed to the pollutant, often over relatively long periods of time or on repeated occasions. Such exposures require that the susceptible individuals and pollutants shared the same environments at the same time. For this to happen, the pollutants must not only be released into the environment, but then be dispersed through it in media used by, or accessible to, humans.

source : http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full

enviromental pollution

One of the best issues that the planet is facing these days is that of environmental pollution, increasing with each passing year and inflicting grave and irreparable injury to the world. 

Environmental pollution consists of 5 basic kinds of pollution namely air, water, soil, noise and light-weight.Review articles are the summary of current state of understanding on a particular research topic. 

They analyze or discuss research previously published by scientist and academicians rather than reporting novel research results. Review article comes in the form of systematic reviews and literature reviews and are a form of secondary literature. Systematic reviews determine an objective list of criteria, and find all previously published original research papers that meet the criteria. They then compare the results presented in these papers. Literature reviews, by contrast, provide a summary of what the authors believe are the best and most relevant prior publications.The concept of "review article" is s

source : http://www.omicsonline.org/environmental/environmental-pollution-review-articles

Essay on Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects and Solution

Environmental pollution refers to the introduction of harmful pollutants into the environment. The major types of environmental pollution are air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution, soil pollution and light pollution.

Deforestation and hazardous gaseous emissions also leads to environmental pollution. During the last 10 years, the world has witnessed severe rise in environmental pollution.

http://www.importantindia.com/10612/essay-on-environmental-pollution/

Environmental Pollution, Its Sources and Effects

Environmental pollution had been a fact of life for many centuries
but it became a real problem since the start of the industrial revolution.

In fact, “the due course” itself may last many years during which the nature will attempt to decompose the pollutants; in one of the worst cases – that of radioactive pollutants – it may take as long as thousands of years for the decomposition of such pollutants to be completed.

Pollution occurs, on the one hand, because the natural environment does not know how to decompose the unnaturally generated elements (i.e., anthropogenic pollutants), and, on the other, there is a lack of knowledge on the part of humans on how to decompose these pollutants artificially.

Why does pollution matter?

It matters first and foremost because it has negative impacts on crucial environmental servicessuch as provision of clean air and clean water (and many others) without which life on Earth as we know it would not exist.

source : http://www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/Environmental-Pollution.html

India hosts 2011 World Environment Day

The theme of this years celebration is "Forests: Nature at Your Service", which highlights the crucial environmental and economic roles played by the forests, particularly in India.

"The message is largely to the international community that India is willing and determined to play and is playing a very important role in defining the terms of environmental debate," Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh in his message to the world on the occasion.

"It is not just environmental issues. It is also developmental issues. We have seen this in climate change area, we have seen this in biodiversity area and we will continue to be a very pro-active player internationally."

Explaining why India wanted to become the global host, Ramesh said the theme is about forestry conservation, livelihoods, the balance between economic growth and environmental protection and no other countries exemplifies this challenges more vividly than India.

"And also the fact that in 1972, when first UN conference on world environment took place, the person who brought on to the centre-stage the developmental dimension on the environmental issue was India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi," the Minister said.

source : http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/

Human Conflict

hi guys this my article about human

Human-wildlife conflict" is a hyphenated term because humans are deeply involved in it, and if you focus only on the wildlife you won't get very far. If the conflict is happening in a poor community, for example, most of the time people are too concerned about meeting basic needs to really think about conservation. But when you understand their needs, and can show them how protecting animals would benefit them, there's a much better chance they'll collaborate with you.


Collaboration isn't enough, of course: you have to help people find strategies that really work. Some of the best ones are really innovative. For example, during a recent trip to Nepal, I visited rural villages where wild elephants often raid rice paddies during harvest season. There, communities have been using electric fences to deter elephants, but these tools alone don't always succeed. Elephants are smart and persistent enough to find ways around these barriers, like pushing them over using trees. So several farmers have now dug fish ponds in front of the fences as added barriers. Built to be difficult for elephants to cross, the ponds not only reduce elephant raids, but also generate new income by allowing farmers to raise fish alongside their usual crops.

Reflection : the colaboration is not enough so need some help people to find strategies that work. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict

Nature of human conflict

This is nine article is about nature

Nature of human-wildlife conflicts

Causes

As human populations expand into wild animal habitats, natural wildlife territory is displaced. Reduction in the availability of natural prey/food sources leads to wild animals seeking alternate sources. Alternately, new resources created by humans draw wildlife resulting in conflict. The population density of wildlife and humans increase with overlaps in geographical areas used increasing their interaction thus resulting in increased physical conflict. Byproducts of human existence offer un-natural opportunity for wildlife in the form of food and sheltersed interference and potentially destructive threat for both man and animals. Competition for food resources also occurs when humans attempt to harvest natural resources such as fish and grassland pasture.

source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93wildlife_conflict

reflection : 

In my opinion this article is very good because there is a nature of human conflict for many countries. to save the animal. and habitats. 

Human wildlife conflict

Human–wildlife conflict is defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as "any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts on human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment.Fund for Nature Southern African Regional Programme Office . The Creating Co-existence workshop at the 5th Annual World Parks Congress (8–17 September 2003, Montreal) defined human-wildlife conflict in the context of human goals and animal needs as follows:^[2] “Human-wildlife conflict occurs when the needs and behavior of wildlife impact negatively on the goals of humans or when the goals of humans negatively impact the needs of wildlife."
A 2007 review by the United States Geological Survey defines human-wildlife conflict in two contexts; firstly, actions by wildlife conflict with human goals, i.e. life, livelihood and life-style, and, secondly, human activities threaten the safety and survival of wildlife. However, in both cases, outcomes are decided by human responses to the interactions.^[3]

The Government of Yukon defines human-wildlife conflict simply, but through the lens of damage to property, i.e. "any interaction between wildlife and humans which causes harm, whether it’s to the human, the wild animal, or property." Here, property includes buildings, equipment and camps, livestock and pets, but does not include crops, fields or fences.

Human–wildlife conflicts have occurred throughout man's prehistory and recorded history. Amongst the early forms of human-wildlife conflict is the predation of the ancestors of prehistoric man by a number of predators of the Miocene such as saber-toothed cats, leopards, spotted hyenas amongst others.^[4]

Fossil remains of early hominids show evidence of predation; the Taung Child, the fossilised skull of a young Australopithecus africanus, is thought to have been killed by an eagle from the distinct marks on its skull and the fossil having been found amongst egg shells and remains of small animals.^[5]

A Plio-Pleistocene horned crocodile, Crocodylus anthropophagus, whose fossil remains have been recorded from Olduvai Gorge, was the largest predator encountered byprehistoric man, as indicated by hominid specimens preserving crocodile bite marks from these sites.^[6]

The advent of farming and animal husbandry of the Neolithic Revolution increased the scope of conflict between humans and animals. The crops and the produce formed an abundant and easily obtained food source for wild animals. Wild herbivores competed with domesticated ones for pasture. In addition, they were a source for diseases which affected livestock. The livestock attracted predators which found them an easy source to prey on. The inevitable human reaction was to eliminate such threats to agriculture and domesticated animals. In addition, land was converted to agricultural and other uses and forests cleared, 

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human–wildlife_conflict

Climate Change Authority splits over ETS report commissioned

This is my seven article about Climate Change

On Friday the renowned climate economist Frank Jotzo from the Australian National University said the majority report was “piecemeal and lacks a vision for the longer-term policy framework needed to get Australia on track to a low-carbon economy”.

The Climate Change Authority released the final report of its “special review” to help Australia meet its international climate obligations on Wednesday.

It recommended a wide range of policies it called a “policy toolkit” building on the Direct Action scheme implemented by the Abbott government.

reflection : The climate change to help Australia. and the goverment help them . 

http://climatechangeauthority.gov.au/

Global warning: climate sceptics are winning the battle

Climate sceptics are winning the argument with the public over global warming, the world's most celebrated climate scientist, James Hansen of NASA, said in London yesterday.

It is happening even though climate science itself is becoming ever clearer in showing that the earth is in increasing danger from rising temperatures, said Dr Hansen, who heads NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies, and is widely thought of as "the father of global warming" – his dramatic alert about climate change in US Senate hearings in July 1988 put the issue on the web agenda. 

Significant climatic "extreme events" were now occurring over 10 to 15 per cent of the planet annually, whereas between 1950 to 1980 they occurred over less than 1 per cent. He added: "So in places like Texas this year, Moscow last year, and Europe in 2003, the climate change is so big that they are undeniable. Within 10 to 15 years they're going to occur over 15 to 20 per cent of the planet, so people have to notice that the climate is change. 

source : http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/global-warning-climate-sceptics-are-winning-the-battle-2368617.html.

Shocking News World' s

The World Meteorological Organization announced two new lightning records.

Credit: John Getchel/Flickr

When the world's longest lightning bolt struck over Oklahoma in 2007, it traveled about three-quarters of the length of the state, according to the World Meteorological Organization, which recently announced the electrifying new record.

The lightning bolt traveled 199.5 miles (321 kilometers) on June 20, 2007, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) said. The organization also confirmed the longest duration for a single flash of lightning: 7.74 seconds, for a flash that occurred over Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France, on Aug. 30, 2012.

The two announcements mark the first time that lightning has been included in the official WMO World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive, whichdocuments records for heat, cold, wind speed, rainfall and other climate events. "Lightning is a major weather hazard that claims many lives each year," WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas said in a statement. "Improvements in detecting and monitoring these extreme events will help us improve public safety."

The WMO said the advancement of lightning-sensing technologies made it possible to detect new extremes and allowed the organization to now include lightning measurements in the archive. Randall Cerveny, chief rapporteur of climate and weather extremes for WMO, said experts can now study specific lightning flashes in much greater detail.

Lightning strikes about 25 million times a year in the U.S., annually killing an average of 49 people and injuring hundreds more, according to the National Weather Service. So far this year, lightning has killed 35 people in the U.S., which makes 2016 the deadliest year for lightning since 2007, which had 45 lightning-related fatalities. Improved sensing technologies in recent years have allowed for better warning systems and safety protocols, according to the WMO.

"The end result reinforces critical safety information regarding lightning, specifically that lightning flashes can travel huge distances from their parent thunderstorms," Cerveny said. "Our experts' best advice: When thunder roars, go indoors."

http://www.livescience.com/56134-world-record-longest-lightning-bolt.html

Hi guys, This is my Fourth article about Where is the most lightening ?

Where Is the Most Lightning-Prone Place in the World?

Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela has a new claim to fame: This large bay has been revealed as the lightning capital of the world, with storms lighting up the skies almost 300 nights each year, according to a NASA study.

The largest lake in South America, Lake Maracaibo sits along the northern Andes Mountains, where the mountains form a natural barrier, pushing air up and mixing it with warm, moist air above the lake to create nocturnal thunderstorms. Researchers found that the lake gets per square mile (233 bolts per square kilometer) every year.

The previous titleholder, the city of Kabare in the Democratic Republic of Congo, gets 531 lightning bolts  per square mile (205 bolts per square kilometer) annually"Lake Maracaibo has a unique geography and climatology that is ideal for the development of thunderstorms," Dennis Buechler, a research scientist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville.Lightning occurs in thunderstorms when cold air and warm air interact. The cold air has ice crystals. The warm air has water droplets. Friction from the droplets and crystals bumping together creates positive and negative electrical charges in the clouds. When the negative charges at the bottom of the clouds get strong enough, electrical energy is let out in in the form of lightning that jumps to another positive structure on the ground or in the clouds.

http://www.livescience.com/54666-most-lightning-prone-place-in-the-world.html#sthash.igc1kEEo.dpuf

Reflection :

To save the earth, plant the trees for green the public city. Friction from the droplets and crystals bumping together creates positive and negative electrical charges in the clouds. When the negative charges at the bottom of the clouds get strong enough, electrical energy is let out in in the form of lightning that jumps to another positive structure on the ground or in

Sumarry : Researchers found that the lake gets per square mile (233 bolts per square kilometer) every year. Friction from the droplets and crystals bumping together creates positive and negative electrical charges in the clouds.

Stuning Clouds Map

Hello friends, This my third article about Stunning cloud

Stunning Cloud Maps Tell the Story of Life on Earth

Clouds might seem like a nuisance if you’re headed on a Sunday afternoon picnic. But put aside your personal biases for a second and consider this: clouds can also tell the story of life on earth.

That story has become a lot clearer thanks to new maps created by scientists that document a global year in the clouds in more intimate detail than ever before. The maps — a cloud atlas if you will — provide a fine-grained view of how clouds move around in our atmosphere and represent an important link between climate and ecological research. They’re also pretty easy on the eyes.

It turns out, England is indeed cloudy for most of the year while most of the Bay Area’s clouds show up in February. Adam Wilson, a researcher at the University of Buffalo who helped create the cloud atlas, joked that you could use the maps to settle bets between friends on who lives in the cloudiest place.

Sumber :

http://www.livescience.com/54626-cloud-maps-life-on-earth.html#sthash.VHKgIC71.dpuf

Reflection :

Save the earth. And plants some trees.

Sumarry : That story has become a lot clearer thanks to new maps created by scientists that document a global year in the clouds in more intimate detail than ever before.

 The maps — a cloud atlas if you will — provide a fine-grained view of how clouds move around in our atmosphere and represent an important link between climate and ecological research. They’re also pretty easy on the eyes.